状语从句中独立主格结构的用法

状语从句中独立主格结构的用法

　　独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。下面是小编精心整理的状语从句中独立主格结构的用法，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。

　　1、转换成原因状语从句

　　The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.

　　转换为：Because the bay led us the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.

　　由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。

　　Not knowing her address, I can't write to her.

　　转换为：Because I don’t know her address, I can't write to her.

　　由于不知道她的地址，所以我不能给她写信。

　　还必须注意，分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。

　　Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.

　　在城市里搜查小偷，花费了警察很长一段时间。(Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen)

　　2、转换为条件状语从句

　　Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.

　　转换为：If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.

　　如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。

　　Listening to English every day, you’ll learn it well step by step.

　　转换为：If you listen to English every day, you’ll learn it well step by step.

　　如果你每天都听英语，你会慢慢地学得很好的。

　　3、转换为时间状语从句

　　Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.

　　转换为：When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.

　　从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。

　　Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.

　　转换为：When they heard their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.

　　一听到教师的声音，学生们立即停止讲话。

　　4、独立主格结构的概念

　　独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

　　5、独立主格在句中通常充当以下状语成分：

　　1、 伴随状语（方式状语）：相当于一个并列句。

　　He was watching TV, his mouth half open.

　　He fell to the ground, blood coming down his nose.

　　The policeman entered the dark room, gun in hand.

　　The old mansatdown, his face pale with pain.

　　2、 时间状语：相当于一个时间状语从句。

　　Meeting over, everyone tried to do something for the project.

　　Spring coming, the flowers are coming out.

　　The problem settled, everyone was filled with joy.

　　3、 原因状语：相当于一个原因状语从句。

　　John (being) away, Tom had to do the work on his own.

　　It being dark, they had to walk with the torches on.

　　There being no bus, they had no choice but to take a taxi.

　　4、 条件状语：相当于一个条件状语从句。

　　Weather permitting, we’ll have a picnic this Sunday.

　　Enough time given, we’ll do the job better.

　　注：有时可以在独立主格前面加上介词with,构成with +复合宾语结构。

　　如：With the problem settled, the computer restarted.

　　With the old man leading, we had no difficulty finding the old Red Army man’s house.

　　You should not speak to others with your mouth full of food.

　　He left the bathroom, with the water running.

　　用法

　　独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。

　　用作时间状语

　　The work done(After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。

　　用作条件状语

　　Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。

　　用作原因状语

　　An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。

　　用作伴随状语

　　He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。

　　用作补充说明

　　We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。

　　注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。

　　形式

　　一般独立主格形式

　　与主句逻辑关系松散，形式为：

　　n/代词+分词 （-ing 、-ed ）形式; n. +不定式; n. +介词短语; n. +形容词; n. +副词;

　　-名词/主格代词+现在分词

　　名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。（表示主动和正在进行）

　　如：

　　The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。

　　Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。

　　-名词/主格代词+过去分词（表示被动和已完成）

　　名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。

　　如：

　　The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。

　　Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。

　　-名词/主格代词+不定式（表示将要发生的动作）

　　名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。

　　如：

　　He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。

　　They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。

　　-名词/主格代词+形容词（常用来说明名词或代词的性质,特征或所处的状态）

　　如：

　　An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。

　　So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。

　　-名词/主格代词+副词（常用来说明名词或代词的性质,特征或所处的状态）

　　如：

　　He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。

　　The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。

　　-名词/主格代词+介词短语（常用来说明名词或代词的性质,特征或所处的状态）

　　如：

　　The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。

　　Mary was sitting near the fire, withher back towards the door.玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。

　　-名词/主格代词+名词

　　His first shot failure，he fired again．

　　他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。

　　Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.

　　两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。

　　- with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密

　　形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. +介词短语

　　with ( without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。

　　The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.

　　小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。（without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式）

　　Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.

　　她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式）

　　The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.

　　有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。（with+名词/代词+动词不定式）

　　The boy was walking, with his father ahead.

　　父亲在前，小孩在后走着。（with+名词/代词+副词）

　　He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.

　　他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。（with+名词/代词+介词短语）

　　With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.

　　由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。（with+名词/代词+形容词）

　　在with (without) 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。

　　- each引导的强调型独立主格

　　形式为:句子 +复数名词结尾 , each +介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/-ed形式

　　这种独立主格结构为了强调句尾的复数名词

　　如:

　　Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups,each with its own executive.（题源:《GMAT语法全解》白勇著，Page38）

　　-There being +名词（代词）

　　There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。

　　There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。

　　-It being +名词（代词)

　　It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。

　　It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。