英语词汇小知识：不定代词详解

英语词汇小知识：不定代词详解

　　不定代词是代词种类中相对复杂的一种，数量较多且很多词意思几乎相同但修饰不同类型的名词，因此学习者们很容易混淆使用，犯低级错误导致不必要的丢分。不定代词在各类考试中都是考查的重点，所以小编这次就为大家带来不定代词的讲解，希望能给各位学习者们提供帮助。

　　1.定义： 不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。

　　2.种类：英语中不定代词数量非常多

　　some（something，somebody，someone，somewhere）

　　any（anything，anybody，anyone，anywhere）

　　no（nothing，nobody，no one）

　　every（everything，everybody，everyone，everywhere）

　　all，each，both，much，many，（a）little

　　（a）few，other（s），another，none，one，either， neither

　　and so on.

　　3.用法比较：

　　① some和any：两者都是“一些”的意思，都可和可数名词或不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句中或表示请求意义的疑问句；而any则用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中.

　　eg.Tom has some picture books

　　Have you any questions？

　　Why don’t you bring some flowers?

　　② few 与 little：few和a few 后接复数名词，而little和a little后接不可数名词。few 和 little表示数量很少或几乎没有，强调“少”，含有否定意义，a few 和 a little 则表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有，强调“有”，含有肯定意义。

　　eg.He knew few of them.

　　I have only a few of pens.

　　He knew little about it.

　　There is still a little water in the bottle.

　　③ all, every, each：all 强调整体地考虑总体，every 强调考虑总体中的所有成员(与all很接近,但all通常与复数名词搭配，every通常与单数名词搭配)，each则强调逐个逐个地考虑总体，all和each既可单独使用，也可后接名词，还可后接of短语，而every 后必须接名词，既不能单独使用也不能后接 of 短语，each 指两者或两者以上的“每个”，every指三者或三者以上“每个”。

　　eg. All of us need to sit down．

　　Each of us has a book.

　　Every kid like chocolate.

　　④ both，neither，either：both指两者，带有肯定意译，neither指两者，带有否定意义,either指两者中的任何一个。

　　eg. Both of us can speak Chinese.

　　She can't sing，neither (can) he.

　　Either of them will help us.

　　好了以上就是小编为大家带来的不定代词总结归纳，内容是不是非常丰富呢？大家有没有全部记住呢？学习不定代词的重点就在于辨析意思相近的代词，只要能掌握各个词的特点，清楚的区分它们不同的作用和修饰方法，就能慢慢地走上正轨了。

　　不定代词定语从句

　　一、不定代词定语从句用法

　　在限制性定语从句中,当先行词指人时,关系词可用who(作宾语是还可用whom)或that,二者常可互换.

　　但在下列情况中,用who(m),而不用that：

　　(1) 当先行词是one,ones,any,few,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,

　　everybody等词时.如：

　　Is there anyone who can answer this question?

　　He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.

　　注：在非正式文体中可以说：You’re the one that knows where to go.)

　　(2) 当先行词是he,they,those,people,person等词时.如：

　　He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.

　　Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.

　　注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中,可用he that….如：

　　He that promises too much means nothing.

　　(3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时.如：

　　Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?

　　(4) 在分隔式定语从句中,若先行词指人,为了明确修饰关系,应当用who(m).如：

　　A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German.

　　There’s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.

　　I was the only person in my office who was invited.

　　(5) 两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词,第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导,如：

　　She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.

　　二、定语从句用法归纳

　　定语从句由关系代词who、whom、whose、which、what、as和关系副词where、when、why等引导，但须记住：

　　1.what不能引导定语从句.

　　2.关系词的分析须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。

　　一.指人的关系代词有who、whose、whom、that. 试分析：

　　The old man who/whom /that we visited yesterday is a famous artist.

　　Miss Wang is taking care of the child whose parents have gone to Beijing .

　　The man with whom my father shook hands just now is our headmaster. (=The man who/whom that my father shook hands with just now is our headmaster.)注：

　　A. 指人时有时只用who不宜用that。

　　1.先行词为one、ones或anyone

　　(1)The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard.

　　(2)Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.

　　2.先行词为these时

　　These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school.

　　3.在there be 开头的句子中

　　There is a student who wants to see you.

　　4.一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复。

　　The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hards.

　　5.在非限制性定语从句中

　　A。I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from Japan.

　　B.主句以who开头的句子中,只用that,不用who。

　　二.指物的关系代词有which、whose(=of which)、that. 试分析：

　　1. I like the books which / that were written by Lu Xun.

　　2. The desks (which/that) we made last year were very good.

　　3. This is the house in which we lived last year. (= This is the house which /that we lived in last year.)

　　4. I live in the room whose windows face south. (= I live in the room ,the windows of which face south.)

　　注：

　　A. 介词如果位于作为其宾语的关系代词之前时，只能用whom、 which不能用who或that.

　　(1). The girl about whom they were talking is our monitor.

　　(2). The book in which there are many interesting things was written by Li Ming.

　　B. 部分短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开，在定语从句中其介词不可前置，只能放在其动词之后。

　　Is this the book which she is looking for?

　　The old man who/whom they are waiting for is Professor Li.

　　The child who/whom she is looking after is Wang Ping’s son.

　　C. 指物时，下列情况下只能用that ，不宜用which。

　　(1)先行词为不定代词，如All、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none、the one等。

　　We are willing to do anything that is good to the people.

　　I have told them all (that) I know.

　　All that can be done has been done.

　　(2)先行词是序数词或被序数词、修饰时。

　　The first book that I read last night was an English novel.

　　(3)先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时。

　　This is one of the most interesting films that I have ever seen.

　　This is the best that can be done now.

　　(4)如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时(先行词既有人又有物)，定语从句的关系代词用which和who都不合适，只能用that。

　　We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.

　　There are sheep and men that can be seen on the hill.

　　(5)如果先行词被the only、the very、the last、the same、any、 few 、little、no、 all 、one of、 just修饰时。

　　This is the only book that can be lent to you.

　　(6)当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时，关系代词只用that。

　　Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday ?

　　D.只物时，下列情况下只能用which，不宜用that。

　　(1)关系代词放在介词之后

　　This is the factory in which we once worked.

　　(2)非限制性定语从句中

　　This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun.

　　(3)that，Those作主语时

　　Those which are on the desk are English books.

　　E.先行词前有such、the same、 as时, 关系代词用as，不用that, 但the same…as…表示同样的, the same…that…表示同一的

　　He knows as many people as are present at the meeting.

　　Such people as you refer to are rare nowadays.

　　三.比较When/which、where /which、why.

　　which I still never forget.

　　This is the day when I joined the party.

　　which he spent reading the books.

　　where I found the book.

　　which makes machines.

　　This is the place which we once visited.

　　which I will never forget.

　　which I am looking for.

　　限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：

　　限制性定语从句

　　非限制性定语从句

　　All the students who study hard have passed.学习努力的学生都考试及格了。(只有努力的及格了，不努力的没及格。) All the students ,who study hard have passed.所有的学生都及格了，他们学习努力。(没有人不及格，这些学生都很努力。)

　　从句是先行词不可缺少的定语(如去掉，主句意思就不完整或不正确。) 从句是对先行词的附加说明(如去掉，主句意思仍清楚，不受影响。) 与主句关系密切，不用逗号 与主句关系不十分密切，用逗号与主句隔开译为汉语时，从句译在先行词前，与先行词用“的”连接 译为汉语时，从句放在主句后面关系代词that可以代替who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 关系代词不用that,只用who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 关系代词代替宾语时可以省略 关系代词不能省略关系代词as和which

　　先研究下面两个例句：

　　○1.This elephant is like a snake, as /which everybody can see. =As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake. 任何人都看得出来，这头象像条蛇。

　　○2.Tom didn’t pass the physics exam, which made his parents very angry. Tom物理考试不及格，这使得他父亲很生气。

　　这两个例句中，as和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有两点不同之处：

　　1. 在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。

　　2. 在意义上，as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如……”，“就像……”，而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，which可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which，如句○2。再如：

　　1.He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. 正如我们所料，他又迟到了。/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。

　　2. The street hasn’t been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. 街道好多星期没有打扫了，因此整条街很脏。(不用as)

　　3.The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful. 那年轻人诈骗了他朋友许多钱财，这是不光彩的。(不 用as)

　　4.He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health. 他每天运动，这对他的身体很有好处。(不用as)

　　5.As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner. 正如已经指出的那样，英语对于初学者说，是相当难学的。在such…as…、the same…as…、 as…、 as many…/much as…等结构中,as不能用which代替。如：

　　1.Such books as this are too difficult for beginners. 这样的书对于初学的人来说是太难了。

　　=Books such as this are …

　　=Books like this are …

　　2.I live in the same building as he (does). 我和他住再同一座大楼里。

　　3.He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. 他认识所有到会的人。

　　4.That day we all got up early as usual. 那天我们和平时一样，都起得很早。

　　“One of the +复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况

　　如果one of +复数名词这一结构前面带有the only、the very之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是而不是那个复数名词。如：

　　1.He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.( 修饰the only one)

　　He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.( 修饰the teachers)

　　2.This is the only one of the rooms that is free now. (修饰the only one)

　　This is one of the rooms that are free now. (修饰rooms)

　　as与which引导的定语从句

　　两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。

　　1. 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。 As we all know, the earth is round.

　　2. 当与such或the same连用时，一般用as。 Such books as you tell me are interesting. I have the same plan as you.

　　3. 当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。 She has married again, as was expected. She has married again, which was unexpected.

　　4. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。

　　She has been late again, as was expected.

　　Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.

　　定语从句不定代词

　　定语从句不定代词用法

　　1、先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰.

　　This is the most interesting book that l have ever read.

　　2、先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰.

　　The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek.

　　3、先行词是不定代词时,如"all、few、little、much、anything、nothing、something"

　　This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.

　　4.、先行词既有人又有物时

　　Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?

　　5、先行词被“only”、“the every”、“no”、“one of”等修饰

　　He is the only person that l want to talk to.

　　6、在以“which”、“who”、“whom” 引起的问句中,为避免重复,常用"that"

　　Who is the man that is standing there?Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?

　　7、“there be”句型中

　　8、先行词在主句中作表语,或者关系代词本身作从句的表语时宜用“that”

　　“that”在作宾语时可省略.

　　关系代词的用法注意事项

　　(1)当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，whom，that， which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：

　　This is the house in which we lived last year.

　　这是我们去年居住的房子。

　　Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。

　　(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：

　　This is the person whom you are looking for.

　　这就是你要找的那个人。

　　(3)that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：

　　The city that she lives in is very far away.

　　她居住的城市非常远。

　　(4)关系词只能用that的情况：

　　a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

　　He was the first person that passed the exam.

　　他是第一个通过考试的人。

　　b. 被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词指物时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

　　Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?

　　你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?

　　c. 先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

　　This is the same bike that I lost.

　　这就是我丢的那辆自行车。

　　d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：

　　I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.

　　我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

　　e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：

　　Who is the girl that is crying?

　　正在哭泣的.那个女孩是谁?

　　f. 主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which，例如：

　　There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.

　　桌子上那本书是汤姆的。

　　(5)关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：

　　a. 先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如：

　　What’s that which is under the desk?

　　在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?

　　b. 关系代词前有介词时，which，而不用that.例如：

　　This is the room in which he lives.

　　这是他居住的房间。

　　c. 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指事物时，用which， 而不用that，例如：

　　Tom came back， which made us happy.

　　汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。

　　不定代词后定语从句

　　1、先行词为 all , much, everything, nothing ,something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时

　　2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时.

　　3、 当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。

　　4、 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。

　　5、当先行词是数词时.

　　6、 当先行词既指人又指物时。

　　7、如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用 that。

　　8、主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。

　　9、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that。

　　10、先行词为what，关系代词用that。

　　11、有时为了避免重复而使用that引导定语从句。

　　托福考试考试中不定代词的用法

　　不定代词(Indefinite Pronoun)的用法：

　　不定代词:凡不是用来指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词代替名词或形容词.在句中可用作主语,宾语，表语和定语。

　　1.不定代词包括：

　　all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no

　　以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody,

　　no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。

　　2.不定代词用法为：(☆☆☆☆☆重要考点)

　　不定代词+(of +限定词)+名词

　　注意：of后一定要有限定词！！这是托福语法中的重要考点both, all可以直接接限定词the！

　　3.all与both的用法

　　1) all都，指三者以上。both都，指两者

　　2) all的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。

　　both与复数动词连用，但bothand可与单数名词连用与。

　　All goes well.一切进展得很好。

　　3) all通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说all the book，而说the whole book。

　　但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如all day，all night，all the year；但习惯上不说all hour，all century。

　　all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如all China，all the city，all my life，all the way。

　　4)both, all都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前，be动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。

　　Who can speak Japanese?We both (all) can.

　　5) all/any/none

　　all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一个)，none (都不)。以上词使用范围为三者以上。

　　All the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了。

　　I dont like any of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。

　　I like none of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。

　　注意：all与none用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；跟复数名词，用复数动词。

　　All of the students are there.所有的学生都在那。

　　All (of) the milk is there.所有的牛奶都在那。

　　3.every和each的用法(☆☆☆重要考点)

　　1)every强调全体的概念，each强调个体概念。

　　Every student in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功。

　　Each student may have one book..每个学生都可有一本书。

　　2)every指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以上的人或物(含两个)。

　　3)every只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。

　　Every student has to take one.

　　Each boy has to take one.

　　Each of the boys has to take one.

　　4)every不可以作状语，each可作状语。

　　5)every有反复重复的意思，如every two weeks等；each没有。

　　6)every与not连用，表示部分否定；each和not连用表示全部否定。

　　Every man is not honest.并非每个人都诚实。

　　Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。

　　4.neither与nor的用法

　　1)如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用nor。

　　If you dont do it，neither should I.如果你不干，我也不干。

　　2)如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。

　　He cant sing，nor dance，nor skate.

　　5.代词比较one，that和it(☆☆☆重要考点)

　　1)one表示泛指，that和it表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it与所指名词为同一个。

　　I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)

　　我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。

　　The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。

　　I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put it.(同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了

　　6.one/another/the other的用法

　　onethe other只有两个

　　somethe others有三个以上

　　oneanother，another

　　someothers，others

　　others = other people/things

　　the others = the rest剩余的全部

　　1)泛指另一个用another。

　　2)一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。

　　3)一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。

　　4)一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。

　　5)泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。

　　7.anyone/any one；no one/none的用法

　　1) anyone和any one

　　anyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。

　　2) no one和none

　　a)none后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而no one只单独使用，只指人。

　　b)none作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。

　　None of you could lift it.你们中没有人可举起它。

　　---- Did any one call me up just now?--刚才有人打电话给我吗?

　　---- No one.--没有。

　　8. few, little, a few, a little的用法

　　1)(a) few +可数名词, (a) little +不可数名词

　　2)a few / a little为肯定含义，还有一点

　　3)few / little为否定含义，没有多少了。

　　He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。

　　He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友。

　　We still have a little time.我们还有点时间。

　　There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。

　　4)固定搭配:

　　only a few (=few)not a few (=many)quite a few (=many)

　　many a (=many)

　　Many books were sold.

　　Many a book was sold.

　　卖出了许多书。

　　9many, much的用法

　　Many，much都意为许多，many +可数名词，much +不可数名词。

　　How many people are there at the meeting?

　　How much time has we left?

　　Many of the workers were at the meeting.

　　Much of the time was spent on learning