基本英语语法：分词的用法

基本英语语法：分词的用法

　　分词具有形容词性质，可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语，现在分词表示主动，且动作在进行，过去分词表示被动，或动作已完成。下面是小编为您收集整理的关于分词的用法，欢迎阅读!

　　一、分词的形式

　　例： write (vt) rise (vi)

　　主动语态 被动语态 主动 过去分词

　　时态

　　现在时 writing being written rising risen

　　完成时 having written having been written having risen

　　二、分词的用法

　　(1)定语 分词置于被修饰名词前

　　分词短语于置于被修饰名词后

　　a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping

　　a running dog = a dog which is running

　　a broken glass = a glass which is broken

　　a beaten team = a team which is beaten(beaten 是被打败的意思)

　　This is the problem discussed at the last meeting.

　　The problem being discussed is very important.

　　(2)表语：

　　The book is interesting.

　　He is interested in the book.

　　The news is exciting.

　　He feels excited.

　　(3)宾语补足语：

　　When I woke up, I found my mother sitting beside me.

　　I'd like to have this package weighed.

　　掌握精髓：动词不定式作宾语表示动作的全过程，而现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行;过去分词表示被动概念。

　　(4)状语：(以下例句值得一背!)

　　① If you turn to the left, you'll find the station.

　　→ Turning to the left, you'll find the station.

　　② As I didn't receive her letter, I called her up by telephone.

　　→ Not receiving her letter, I called her up by telephone.

　　③ While I was walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.

　　→ Walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.

　　④ When she was asked it she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.

　　→ Asked if she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.

　　你知道吗?注意：在运用此类句型时主语前后要保持一致。

　　① When school was over, the boys went home.

　　→ Being over, the boys went home. ×

　　School being over, the boys went home. √

　　② As my homework has been done, I have nothing else to do.

　　→ My homework having been done, I have nothing else to do.

　　③ If weather permits, I'll start tomorrow.

　　→ Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow.

　　三、分词的时态

　　现在分词一般时表示此动作与主句谓语动词同时发生。

　　现在分词完成时表示此动作在主句谓语动词之前发生。

　　Entering the room, he saw he. (几乎同时)

　　Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam. (分词动作在前)

　　四、分词的语态

　　现在分词一般时被动表动作正在被进行，完成时被动强调分词所表示的动作先被完成。

　　The ships being loaded and unloaded belong to us.

　　Having been warned of typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.(渔民先被告知而后驶向港口)

　　拓展阅读：过去分词的用法

　　单独使用：

　　Bevuto il caffè, uscì dal bar

　　Finiti i lavori, torn a casa

　　在复合时态（与助动词essere 和 avere搭配）和被动式中使用：

　　Ho mangiato

　　Sei andato via?

　　La porta è stata aperta da Luigi

　　用作形容词

　　è un uomo sposato

　　Ho comprato una rivista illustrata

　　用作名词

　　L’imputato fu assolto

　　Gli invitati non sono ancora arrivati

　　在下述情况下过去分词必须在性、数上进行配合：

　　当前面由动词essere引导时

　　Maria è andata via.

　　Loro sono partiti presto.

　　当用作形容词时：

　　è una donna sposata.

　　当前面有直宾代词lo, la, li, le时：

　　L’ho vista ieri.

　　Li ho visti ieri

　　当过去分词与助动词avere 搭配时不需要发生变化。

　　Maria ha sposato Luigi

　　定语从句的分词用法

　　关系词充当从句的主语时，如果谓语结构为实词，将关系代词进行省略，而从句中的实词要发生形式的改变。如果原本从句是一个主动语态，可以将动词直接变成ing形式。如果原本谓语动词是一个被动语态，可以直接保留过去分词。如果谓语结构为be+名词，这时，可以将be动词同时省略，将后面的名词和前面从句所修饰的名词构成同位语结构。

　　①若作主语的关系代词之后有be动词,删去关系代词和be动词即成分词短语。

　　Watch the man whois coming this way.

　　=Watch the mancoming this way.

　　注意向这边走来的那个人。

　　②若作主语的关系代词之后没有be动词而为一般动词，则删去关系代词，再将动词改为现在分词。无论时态是不是过去时，都要改为doing形式，如果主句时态是现在时，从句是过去时，则可以去掉关系代词，加having，改一般过去时动词为done的形式，不过这种情况很少见。

　　Anyone who wishesto leave early may do so.

　　=Anyone wishing toleave early may do so.

　　任何想要早一点儿离开的人都可以离开。

　　③若做主的关系代词之后有be动词加过去分词的被动语态，则去掉关系代词以及be动词。

　　An apple that iseaten belongs to me.

　　=An apple eatenbeongs to me.

　　这个被吃掉的苹果是我的。